Prevelence of Inguinal Hernia in Men Caused by Mosquito

Prevelence of Inguinal Hernia in Men Caused by Mosquito PREVELENCE OF INGUINAL HERNIA IN MEN CAUSED BY MOSQUITO VECTOR IN TANGA COAST LAND CASE STUDY MUHEZA STUDENT NAME: BARABARA JOHN   Contents (Jump to): INTRODUCTION Background information Literature Review Problem Statement Objectives Specific Objectives General Objectives Research questionnaire Significance of the Study Study Area and Site Sampling and Sampling Techniques Data collection Data Analysis Conclusion References INTRODUCTION Hernia is defined as the protrusion, swelling or exit of an organ the body wall that normally contains it. The inguinal hernia occur when the protrusion occur through the inguinal canal (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016). This problem most of the time face men because of the inherent weakness of the abdominal wall in the area spermatic cord passes through the inguinal canal (National Center for Health Statistics,1960) Hernia usually involve two things, First is imperfection itself, known as the size and the location of the imperfection, another thing is the hernia sac (pouch) which contain abdominal contents such as omentum, small intestine, colon or bladder, or the sac may be empty (SD, Sharma VM, et al 2013). There are many types of hernia but most occurring hernia is groin hernias also other hernias it involve hiatus hernia, incisional hernia and umbilical hernia. (SD, Sharma VM, et al 2013) The inguinal hernia occur at the time when the tissues pushes though a weak area in the scrotum, this phenomenon result to rounded swelling which distort a flat surface of the scrotum(groin).this swelling may hurt or may burn sometimes. Inguinal hernia occur in the scrotum where there is the deposition of the fatty tissues or intestinal tissues pushes through the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal resides at its lower part, both males and females have the inguinal canal. In men, the testes usually are situated downward through this tubular duct shortly before birth. In women, the tubular duct is the location for the uterine ligament. If a hernia is in this area, it results in a protruding swelling that result into a painful during movement. Most of the inguinal hernia occur because an opening in the muscle wall do not close as it should be before birth, this result to a weak area in the front part of the human trunk muscles, Pressure on the weak area can result tissue to push through and swell out. A hernia can occur soon after birth or after some time in the life depending on the various factors that individual can be subjected with during the life time. People with more weight are facing more risk of get a hernia. Hernias are more common in men. A woman may get a hernia while she is pregnant because of the pressure on her belly wall. SYMPTOMS The main symptom of an inguinal hernia is the swelling in the groin or scrotum in case of men, the swelling feels like a compact mass with an irregular shape. This swelling may form over a period of weeks or months or it may appear all of a sudden after been lifting heavy weights, coughing, bending, straining, or laughing. The hernia can be painful, but some hernias makes a swelling with no pain. Other symptoms include; pain when coughing, exercising, or bending over burning sensations sharp pain a heavy or full sensation in the groin Types of Inguinal Hernias There are two main types of hernia, which are, direct hernia and indirect hernia. The direct inguinal hernia is most occurring one and it is usually occur in premature birth at the time before the inguinal canal is fully developed, also it might happen any time during the life time and it is most occurring in males. A direct inguinal hernia most often occurs in adults. The popular belief is that weakening muscles during adulthood lead to a direct inguinal hernia. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), this type of hernia is more prevalent in men. Inguinal hernias can also be incarcerated or strangulated. An incarcerated inguinal hernia happens when tissue becomes stuck in the groin and cant go back. Strangulated versions are more serious medical conditions that restrict blood flow to the small intestine. Strangulated hernias are life-threatening and require emergency medical care. EPIDEMOLOGY Inguinal hernia occur in both male and female, but are more common in males than in female and are more in whites compared with non-whites, it affect all ages but the more risk of inguinal hernia increase with the increase in age. With respect to the sex, females become apparent at the later age between the age of 40 to 60 years and from 60 to 79years .while in men it occur 10 years earlier. (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016) BACKGROUND INFORMATION Hernias are among of the oldest recorded problem that cause illness in mankind and they are most seen in the groin or scrotum. (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016). The first report of hernia was published in 1853 by Bowditch. The discovery of artificially insensitive to pain drugs or induced by the admistration by the gases before the surgical operation(anesthesia) and the development of drugs which prevent the disease causing microorganisms(antiseptic) methods in the mid of 19th century change fundamentally the practice of surgery. The development of these techniques including anesthesia techniques in the 1860s allowed more invasive methods to be used in the treatment of non-complicated inguinal hernias. The concluded method for the treatment of inguinal hernia is the surgical repair method regardless of its origin or its type (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016). HERNIA REPAIR APROACHES OPEN ANTERIOR HERNIA REPAIR APROACH In the late 19th century Trait introduced the basic surgical management of scrotum hernias that he used a trans- abdominal approach to suture the defect this technique used the row of stiches holding together the edges of wound or a surgical incision where by a thread or wire is used. This approach fell from favor when Eduardo Bassini in 1887, introduced the first true anatomical repair of the inguinal hernia Henry O Marcy (1837-1924), a surgeon from the USA and a disciple of the English surgeon Joseph Lister, give a detailed account of two cases of incarcerated hernia that he treated surgically in 1871. Marcy, using Listerian antiseptic techniques, performed the standard operation of the day on these two patients: he divided the hernia ring in the usual way with the hernial knife and reduced the incarcerated hernia. Also Marcy went more and more extensive with the hernia technique then in vogue, Rather than open the hernia sac, he reduced it and repaired the defect by closing the constricting ring with carbolized catgut suture. LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACHES Introduced by Ger in 1982 into the armamentarium of hernia repairs ,since its introduction it have undergone considerably changes and it has been are source of most prolonged dis agreements. With the appearing of long and distinct period of history of laparoscopic surgery, some surgeons had been suggested to apply this new technology (prosthetic material) on the laparoscopic hernias surgery because it (the laparoscopic surgery) fulfils all the primary and secondary points for the perfect hernia surgery. The very important point that is provided by laparoscopic surgery that it dealt with the hernia at the point of its origin exactly within the abdominal cavity at the level of the scrotum holes, and not at the inguinal canal, where the hernial sac follows its way. Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair technique was initiated in early 1990s and build on the originally championed by Renà © Stoppa (open preperitoneal approaches). Also Ger in 1982 made effort to archive a minimal access groin hernia repair by closing the opening of an indirect inguinal hernial sac using Michel clips. In 1989, Bogojavlensky reported filling an indirect hernia defect with a plug of polypropylene mesh followed by laparoscopic suture closure of the internal ring. In 1990, Phillips and McKenna developed totally extra peritoneal (TEP) technique with or without peritoneoscopy. In 1991 Arregui give a detailed information about transabnormial preperitoneal (TAPP) approach with full exposure of the inguinal floor and placement of a large preperitoneal prosthesis. Toy and Smoot in 1991 give a detailed informationabout a technique of intraperitoneal on lay mesh (IPOM) placement, where by an intraabdominal piece of polypropylene or e-polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) was stapled over the myopectineal orifice without opening of the peritoneum During the same period, Phillips and McKernan gave a detailed account on TEP technique of endoscopic hernioplasty (where an instrument was introduced into the body to view its internal parts) where the peritoneal cavity is not breached and the entire dissection is performed bluntly (without sharp edge instruments) in the extraperitoneal space with a balloon device or the tip of the laparoscope itself The advancement of the knowledge of human anatomy in inguinal region is vital importance in the surgical skills of the disease. Once the dissection is complete, a 15 ÃÆ'- 10 cm mesh is stapled in place over the myopectineal orifice(most common now days). In all of the rapairs the mesh is in physical contact fascia of the transversalis muscle in the preperitoneal space, allows tissue ingrowths leading to the fixation of the mesh (as opposed to being in contact to the peritoneum as in IPOM repair where it is prone to migrate). The two techniques (TAPP and TEP) proved more effective and emerged as the most popular. These repairs approach the myopectineal orifice posteriorly, similar in anatomical perspective to the open preperitoneal approaches. A clear understanding of the anatomy from this perspective is crucial to avoid a number of complications, mainly vascular and nerve injuries. Laparoscopy provides a clear view of the entire myopectineal orifice, and repairs of both inguinal and femoral hernias can be performed LITERATURE REVIEW Although the incidence and prevalence of inguinal hernias worldwide is unknown, it is estimated, that in the United States, approximately about 4.5 million people have inguinal hernia while in Jerusalem, it was documented as 18 per 100 men aged 25 and over. Less is known about epidemiology of inguinal hernia in resource poor setting, according to the currently research it shows that in Tanzania the inguinal hernial prevalence in adults is 5.36% and approximately 12.09% of men live with hernia. While in Great Britain about 7000 repairs are performed each year, this indicate that about 0.14% of the whole population suffer from hernia (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016). PROBLEM STATEMENT Inguinal hernia is common surgical problem in both developed and developing countries. Sometimes it can present a surgical misunderstanding even for the skilled surgeon when the swell contain unusual contents, surgery is the only way to deal with abnormal contents raised in the swelling (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016). The surgery is the basic care for an individuals suffer from inguinal hernia (groin hernia) which is most common problem. About 96% of all scrotal hernias are regarded as inguinal hernias and the remaining 4% are formal. Surgical practice of inguinal hernia is most common operations performed now days .inguinal hernia is the one of the most important problem in a public health, also another problem of hernia is that it can it can present a danger problem even for a skilled surgeon because many disease infection can be regarded as hernia (Onuigbo WIB, et al 2016). Inguinal hernia is disease that affect most people in a coastal area (case study Tanga) that cause the inflammation and pain full in the testes (scrotum), according to the previously research shows less has been done to prevent the spread of the disease and to improve the awareness of individuals towards the disease also he improvement of medication and repair system has to be improved. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Specific objectives 1. To assess the number of individual who are living with the disease 2. To assess the number of individuals who are in a risk of being infected by the disease 3. To assess the availability of diagnosis and the treatment of the disease General objectives 1.To motivate the government and non-governmental institutions to assist the diagnosis and treatment of the disease 2.To understand the magnitude of the disease in Tanzania especially in Tanga coast land QUESTIONNAIRE Question. What is an inguinal hernia? Indicator; inguinal hernia is a swelling of scrotum Question. What causes an inguinal hernia? Indicator; is the defect that individual born with it, also may be infection Question. What are the symptoms of an inguinal hernia? Indicator; swelling and pain full in the scrotum during caught or lifting heavy objects Question. Why do most of people suffer from the disease do not get treatments? Indicator; because most f people inherit the weakness that cause the disease from their parents Question; is the treatment for the disease enough to fight the disease? Indicator; the treatment may vary according to the area where individual lives, other areas are with high social services but others are not Question; Do you understand how the disease is transmitted? Indicator; 7. Question; Do you know what organism transmit the disease? Indicator; SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY At the end of this research the community awareness towards the disease will increase hence the prevention measures will increase and the number of individuals who are at risk of being infected will be reduced. Also the diagnosis and treatment will be improved so as to fight the disease STUDY AREA The research shall be conducted in Tanga coast land case study Muheza SAMPLING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Sample shall be selected from the population randomly in order to avoid biasness and obtain the accurate data for the problem of inguinal hernia DATA COLLECTION       Data in this research shall be collected using research questionnaires that will be provided to the individuals member of community and answer the provided questions concerning with the inguinal hernia, case study Muheza Tanga coast land. DATA ANALYSIS The obtained data from the questionnaire will be analyzed using various data analytical methods such as SPSS and SAS CONCLUSION All in all the research that will be conducted aim to improve the community awareness towards the disease among the individuals member of the community in Muheza influence the government and individuals to take the concern towards the disease and also to improve the community ability to fight against the disease. REFERENCES   Debas HT, Donkor P, Gawande A, et al. 2015 Essential Surgery: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 1). editors, Washington (DC) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; Apr 2. Fitzgibbons RJ, Richards AT, Quinn TH WS, Mitchell P, Fink MP, Jurkovich GJ, Kaiser LR, Pearce WH, Pemberton JH, Soper NJ, 2002. Open hernia repair. In Souba, editors. ACS Surgery Principles and Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, U.S.A: Decker Publishing Inc. pp. 828-849 H. ABRAMSON, J. GOFIN, C. HOPP, AND A. MAKLER Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1978, 32, 59-67J. Department of Social Medicine, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School and Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem Harvinder Singh Pahwa, Awanish Kumar, Prerit Agarwal, Akshay Anand Agarwal. World Journal of Clinical Cases, Department of Surgery, King Georgee Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India National Center for Health Statistics (1960). Hernias Reported in Interviews: United States July 1957-June 1959. Health Statistics from the US National Health Survey, Series B. No. 25, pp. 6-7. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare: Washington DC Onuigbo WIB, Njeze GE (2016) Inguinal Hernia. A Review. J Surg Oper Care 1(2): 202. doi: 10.15744/2455-7617.1.202 SD, Sharma VM. J Med Res Rev 2013, Retrospective analysis of inguinal hernia repair by various methods in a teaching institute. Int;1(5):240-244 Venditti D, Rossi P, Lisi G, et al 2015. Anew prosthesis in inguinal hernia repair: results of a pilot study. Surgery Res Open 2(2): 66-71.

Final reflection Essay

After the studying of this semester, my writing skills of business writing, reading skills, and communication skills had a progress. First of all, the process of writing is really important and significant. I learned the process which covers planning, composing and revising from this JGEN class. To be honest, it is really helpful. Before studying the process, I always feel the business writing is hard for me. Currently, I just need to follow the steps of the process and an effective business writing can be finished. In addition, for the business writing, I can use direct and indirect methods to respond the complaint messages, to give the customer’s negative messages and to provide the persuasive letters which attached with business goals. At the same time, the readers’ moods and the emotions which the messages convey also need to be considered. More than that, I was also benefit from the email and letter writing. The techniques of those writings not only can be used in business field, but also can be used to communicate with your teacher and family, etc. For example, I even don’t know the formatting of the email before this class. Moreover, for the resume and job application cover letter, I think it also extremely helpful, because finding jobs is the necessary and the first steps of our careers. The resume should be made personally and specially. Last but not least, the most important thing which I should state is the group project. I want to say that I really enjoy the whole process. From preparation of the report to performing of the presentation, I learned many things, like research skills, discussion which can share the ideas, and practice of the presentation. The effective communication of the group is really inevitable and we made it.

Analysis of the Poem the Darkling Thrush - 1256 Words

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Buddhism The Philosophy And Religion - 1426 Words

Buddhism originated 2,500 years ago in India and today – is the prevailing world religion in the East. There are more than 360 million followers of Buddhism, including one million American followers. Buddhism has branched into a diverse selection of forms throughout its long history, however, all methods of Buddhism share an admiration for the teachings of Buddha with the ultimate focus on ending suffering (Religionfacts.com, 2015). In the 6th century BC, Siddhartha or Gautama Buddha was born in a royal family in the hills of the Himalayas. Prince Siddhartha was constantly in search of the origin of all sufferings and the path to end these sufferings. Practicing powerful meditation and freeing his mind from disturbing thoughts –†¦show more content†¦The eight fold path incorporates eight practices which are all interrelated and nourish each other. These include: right view, right thinking, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right diligence, right mi ndfulness and right concentration (Hanh, 1999). Right mindfulness is particularly significant amongst the backdrop of Western psychology. Mindfulness refers to a kind of meditation involving a tolerance of thoughts and perceptions – an ability to look at life in an objective way and eventually develop a fuller, richer awareness of life (Aich, 2013). This is the seventh step on the eight fold path and plays a substantial role in meditation and Zen Buddhism. A particular branch of Buddhism called Zen Buddhism has sparked an interest in psychologists with a focus on mindfulness, meditation and non-violence (Berger, 1962). Zen Buddhism is a practice that was transferred from master to disciple and dates back to the spiritual awakening of Siddhartha (Buddha). Zen means , quiet simply, meditation and the experience of living in the moment. The teaching of Zen Buddhism claims to be â€Å"a special transmission outside the scripture, not depending upon the letter, but pointing directly to one’s Mind to see into Nature itself and attain Buddha-hood† (Suzuki, 1938). Berger (1962) described Zen as a form of Buddhism that originated in India and was introduced to China in the first century A.D. The

Is Corporate Social Responsibility a Way to Cover...

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Dispute on Employee Motivation Free Essays

Arnold Bright is the Director of Human Resources at Company XYZ, in the same industry as Company ABC. John Chaplin has recent joined Company XYZ as Human Resources Manager. A recent graduate with a major in Organizational Behavior, he presents new ideas to Bright almost everyday. We will write a custom essay sample on Dispute on Employee Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, Chaplin has a speech disorder. He stammers, and cannot make himself clear at all times. A week back, Bright and Chaplin began to argue about employee motivation. Bright informed Chaplin that their company has the budget to enhance employee motivation with the best motivation enhancement program in the industry. He was referring to the use of Company ABC’s motivation enhancement program for its employees. Company ABC happens to be a leader in the industry, after all. Yet, Chaplin asserted that Company XYZ should develop its own employee motivation enhancement program with new research on the needs of employees at Company XYZ in particular. The argument turned into a dispute because Bright refused to agree with Chaplin. The latter was threatened that he would be fired if he fails to follow Bright’s instructions to implement Company ABC’s program. The Problem: Chaplin would lose his job if he does not agree to implement Company ABC’s program for employee motivation enhancement in Company XYZ. He knows, however, that his boss has an amenable personality. Thus, Chaplin would like to provide further information to Bright. He firmly believes that Bright has to be explained why it is best for Company XYZ to develop its own employee motivation enhancement program based on new research on its employees’ needs. After all, Chaplin is aware of latest research in the field of Organizational Behavior. Should Company XYZ implement Company ABC’s motivation enhancement program? Organizational behavior theories are known to differ as to what motivates employees, but not necessarily because the essential characteristics of all employees are varied across organizations and industries. Rather, the motivational needs of employees differ from organization to organization because separate work situations, ethics and settings, in addition to their interaction with individual personalities, teams, and managements call for different employee needs to be prioritized. Employee motivation is simply referred to as an organizational method to satisfy employees in areas where they feel unsatisfied. Whereas poor health and safety conditions might be the Number One challenge to encounter in Company ABC, it is possible that the employees of Company XYZ would be more motivated by higher salaries. Moreover, the employees of Company XYZ may hold a collective opinion that their working conditions are the best in the industry. Given that job performance is a function of ability and motivation, it is appropriate to inquire into the needs of workers in order to employ the correct mix of employee motivation strategies to boost job performance, company-wide (â€Å"Employee Motivation†). As an example, the employees of the Piketon Research and Extension Center and Enterprise Center were asked about the main motivating factors at their particular workplace. According to research findings, the employees believed themselves to be motivated by the following in the order of importance: â€Å"a) interesting work, (b) good wages, (c) full appreciation of work done, (d) job security, (e) good working conditions, (f) promotions and growth in the organization, (g) feeling of being in on things, (h) personal loyalty to employees, (i) tactful discipline, and (j) sympathetic help with personal problems† (Lindner). Contrary to these findings, a peer reviewed study on employee motivation found that most employees across various organizations believe the following to be the chief motivators at the workplace: â€Å"enjoyment of the work; work/life balance; pay satisfaction; link between pay and performance;† and â€Å"adequate staffing levels† (Katcher). Thus, it appears essential to increase employee motivation only after inquiring into the main motivators in a specific organization. Also within a single organization, the blue collar workers are expected to be more motivated by an increase in pay, while the white collar employees might believe that enjoyment of work is most essential. In this case, the organization would have to divide up its employees in two separate groups to inquire into the particular motivators for the blue collar workers as opposed to the white collar employees. It is best, therefore, for employee motivation strategies to be based on group by group studies. Chaplin should write a memorandum to Bright with latest research on the subject. It is possible that the latter has misunderstood Chaplin because of his speech disorder. Chaplin knows that Company XYZ has the budget to conduct new research on its employees’ needs to enhance their motivation. He should also mention in his note to Bright that implementation of Company ABC’s employee motivation program may possibly waste the resources of Company XYZ. After all, it may very well be that employees at Company ABC have a different set of needs altogether. So, even though Company ABC is a business leader, Company XYZ should refrain from blindly following its programs without a scientific inquiry into its own business processes and workplace culture. How to cite Dispute on Employee Motivation, Papers

Relational Database Implementation Report on Basketball Tournament

Question: Relational database implementationYou must implement the entity relationship model provided in the model solution to Assignment 1. The model solution will be released on the course website approximately TWO (2) weeks after the Assignment 1 due date.The recommended tool for this assignment is Microsoft Access, version 2003 or later. One reason for recommending Microsoft Access is that your course lecturer will be able to provide support in the use of this tool. If you choose to use a different DBMS, then there is no guarantee that your lecturer will be able to provide support. Note: If you choose not to use Microsoft Access, you must contact your lead lecturer as soon as possible before you start work on the assignment. The remainder of this document assumes you are using Access.In implementing the ERD provided, you must complete the following tasks: Map the ERD into a set of relations in at least Third Normal Form (3NF). You must ensure that your relations meet 3NF. There is no need to show your working. Select any two (2) of your relations from the previous step and for each of them: List all the functional dependencies present in the relation Demonstrate that the relation meets Third Normal Form (3NF), for example: STUDENT (StudentID, Name, Address, DateOfBirth)The primary key is StudentID; this is the only candidate key since Name is not guaranteed to be unique (two different students may have the same name). Address is also not guaranteed to be unique. There will be one student name per Student ID, since only one name is recorded for each student. There will be one address per Student ID; even though a student may have multiple address (e.g. a home address and a work address), the case study states that there is only a need to record the home address. There will be only one date of birth per Student ID. This means that Student ID functionally determines every other attribute in the table; therefore there are no repeating groups. There is a single simple can didate key, therefore no partial dependencies are possible. Name cannot be used to functionally determine any other attribute in the table since two different students may have the same name; likewise for address and date of birth, therefore there are no transitive dependencies in the table. Therefore it meets the requirements of first, second and third normal form. Create all the relations in a Microsoft Access database. Consider each attribute in every table and make appropriate choices regarding data types and sizes, indexes, required/not required, and validation rules. Your choices should be appropriate for each attribute and should support data integrity. (Note: see the Data Integrity section below for specific data integrity requirements.) Create relationships as appropriate. Enforce referential integrity for all appropriate relationships in the database. Explore the possibility of cascade update and/or delete options. Review the default indexes created by Access for each tabl e. You should ensure that the indexes follow the guidelines given in the set textbook. Populate the database with sample data. You must include sufficient sample data to test your queries and report(s). You should aim for at least 5 or 6 rows in every table. Please note that the expected result of query questions may depend on the actual sample data populated.Data integrityYou are required to implement integrity constraints within the database to enforce the following requirements:For the table Coach: All fields must be entered. BlueCard number must be an 6-digit number. Contact phone cant be null.For the table PlayedIn: All fields must be entered. The only valid values to indicate the match outcome must be won, lost, or draw. Score cant be null.For the table Earning: All fields must be entered. Prize must be not less than $100. Information requestsCreate queries to answer the following information requests. Note: Do not use the Access query builder (QBE) to create your queries you should type the queries manually using SQL view.Although it is optional to justify the effectiveness of your SQL statement for the request, the marking process of MS Access queries for information requests may also consider your justification of the effectiveness for your queries in the implementation report if you provide them. (Expected results using sample data for queries depend on your actual sample data populated in the database . The following results of queries are only examples. It is important that your implementation must reflect the correct business logic.)1. How many matches did each tournament have? Show the tournaments title and start date, as well as the number of matches of each tournament. Title StartDate NumOfMatch 2011 Challenge Cup 1/03/2011 2 2012 Telstra Cup 2/01/2012 2 2013 CQU Cup 5/01/2013 11 2. Which referee has umpired more than 5 matches? Show the referee name, contact phone and the number of times he/she has umpired. Q2- Query FirstNameLastName Phone NumRef Grace Duke 4908798 6 3. Which team never won any matches in the tournament titled 2013 CQU Cup? List the team name and the number of matches played. Q3- Query Team Name Num Played Glenmore 3 Helios 4 NorthStar 2 4. John would like to know the efficiency of each stadium used in the tournament held in 2013. For each stadium, show the stadium name, address, facility description and the number of matches. Order the result in ascending. Q4- Query StadiumName Street City State PostCode FacilityDes NumMatches Rocky Sport 17 Farm street Rockhampton QLD 4702 Various fields for different 2 Center sports Fun Sports Club 76 Lavdar ave. Rockhampton QLD 4700 Limited seat for viewer 2 Telstra Stadium 19 North Road Rockhampton QLD 4700 Rugby and basketball fields 3 CQ Basket 202 Harris road Rockhampton QLD 4701 Basketball field only 4 Center 5. Find out the details of the team which has won the highest prize so far. The details include the team name, founded date, the name of coach, the amount of prize and the tournament title for which the team won the highest prize. Q5- Query TeamName FoundedDate CoachName Prize Title Leopard 10/11/2002 Kim Jackson $5,000.00 2012 Telstra Cup 6. Find out the sponsor names who have sponsored the total amount more than $10,000 so far. Q6- Query SponsorName Total CQU $11,000.00 Education Queensland $11,000.00 Answer: Report on Basketball Tournament Database Functional Dependencies in two Relations Two relations Tournament and Match are being described here. Following is the structure of Tournament table- Tournament (TournamentID, Title, StartDate) Title TournamentID There is possibility that two tournaments can have same title, therefore title functionally depends upon TournamentID. StartDate TournamentID There is possibility that two tournaments start on same date, therefore StartDate functionally depends upon TournamentID. Following is the structure of Match table- Match (MatchID, StartDateTime, RefereeID, TournamentID) StartDateTime MatchID There is possibility that two matches may start at same date time at different stadium, therefore StartDateTime functionally depends upon MatchID. RefereeID MatchID There is possibility that the referee works for different matches, therefore RefereeID functionally depends upon MatchID. TournamentID MatchID There may be more matches in one tournament; therefore TournamentID functionally depends upon MatchID. (Janalta Interactive Inc. 2015) Demonstration of Normalisation in two Relations All relations in the database are in 3 NF form because all are following the rules of 3 NF form. The third normalization form is satisfied in the relations in the database by following the following rules- 1. There is not any column which is duplicate in any table.2. There are different tables related to different data.3. There is relation in all related tables.4. All the columns depend upon the primary key. The Tournament and the Match relations will demonstrate the 3 NF form The table Tournament has the primary key TournamentID and all the fields depend upon the TournamentID. It uniquely identifies the record in the relation. Every field except TournamentID cannot be unique in the Tournament table. Therefore there is only one candidate key and there is no partial dependency in the relation and the relation Match references the TournamentID of the relation Tournament. It enforces the referential integrity for the relation Tournament. The relation Match has the primary key MatchID. All the other attributes are dependent upon the MatchID. Every field except MatchID cannot be unique in the Match table. Therefore there is only one candidate key and there is no partial dependency in the relation. All the other relations are also satisfying the above 3 NF form rules as per the above two relations. (teach-ict.com n.d.) (About.com 2015) 1. SELECT Tournament. Title, Tournament. Start Date, count (MatchID) AS Num Of MatchFROM Tournament INNER JOIN [Match] ON Match. Tournament ID=Tournament. Tournament IDGROUP BY Tournament. Title, Tournament. Start Date;2. SELECT Referee.FirstName, Referee.LastName, Referee.Phone, Count(Match.MatchID) AS NumRefFROM Referee INNER JOIN [Match] ON Referee.RefereeID = Match.RefereeIDGROUP BY Referee.FirstName, Referee.LastName, Referee.PhoneHAVING Count(Match.MatchID)5;3. SELECT TeamName, count(PlayedIn.MatchID) AS NumPlayedFROM Tournament, Team INNER JOIN PlayedIn ON Team.TeamID=PlayedIn.TeamIDGROUP BY Team.TeamName, Tournament.Title, PlayedIn.OutcomeHAVING Tournament.Title='2013 CQU Cup' and PlayedIn.Outcome='lost';4. SELECT distinct StadiumName, Street, City, State, PCode, FacilityDescription, count(Stadium_Match.MatchID) AS NumMatchesFROM [Match], Stadium INNER JOIN Stadium_Match ON Stadium_Match.StadiumID=Stadium.StadiumIDGROUP BY StadiumName, Street, City, State, PCode, FacilityDesc ription, Match.StartDateTimeHAVING year(Match.StartDateTime)= 2013;5. SELECT Team.TeamName, Team.FoundedDate, Coach.FullName, Earning.Prize, Tournament.TitleFROM (Tournament INNER JOIN (Team INNER JOIN Earning ON Team.TeamID = Earning.TeamID) ON Tournament.TournamentID = Earning.TournamentID) INNER JOIN (Coach INNER JOIN Coach_Team ON Coach.CoachID = Coach_Team.CoachID) ON Team.TeamID = Coach_Team.TeamIDWHERE Earning.Prize=(select max(Prize) from Earning);6. SELECT SponsorName, Amount AS TotalFROM Sponsor INNER JOIN Sponsoring ON Sponsor.SponsorID=Sponsoring.SponsorIDWHERE Amount10000; Limitations in the Assignment Some points are missing in the assignment. For example 1. The queries of outer joins are missing in the assignment.2. There is lack of complex queries in the assignment.3. There is lack of creating the forms in the assignment. Learning during the Assignment 1. The assignment is giving the complete working knowledge about database. After completing this assignment, I learn more about the reports, queries and integrity constraints of MS Access. 2. The queries are very useful for general database. I am feeling very confident now in database. 3. There are hints given for the report in the assignment, I found the right way to create the report by the given hints. Therefore I did not go in the wrong direction to create the report. References [1] Janalta Interactive Inc. 2015, Functional Dependency, Viewed on 15th Jan 2015 https://www.techopedia.com/definition/19504/functional-dependency [2] About.com 2015, Third Normal Form (3NF), Viewed on 15th Jan 2015 https://databases.about.com/od/administration/l/bldef_3nf.htm [3] teach-ict.com n.d., Third Normal Form, Viewed on 15th Jan 2015 https://www.teach-ict.com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/AS_G061/315_database_concepts/normalisation/miniweb/pg9.htm